Feb+12th

To create a Water City and to develop a sense of place, connection of people and business in a global destination.

‘Water City’ projects: • make use of water custom • ensure a high quality built environment • help build an entrepreneurial culture • engage local people and communities in practical, entrepreneurial ways • create a physical and social concept

Does water control the city? Or does the city control water? Topography really matters: What did people like? What did they adapt? River focuses energy & material - Urbanism comes up because of rivers Coastline: industrial or park / dense or scarce Tidal Zones Florida / Australia: coral reefs compares currents, current patterns create life Beaches of Sydney: where they are located Greenland: flow of ice, how it works, how Glaciers retract Raft/city – people who live in flood zones Stilts- architectural scale, drill down to land in water Water opens up freedom in a way Lake Victoria: 4 countries surrounding it, connection between, When being around a lake- lake takes control, need to be careful what you do to it When being around a ocean-things thrown into ocean never come back to you
 * People and water come together *****

Connecting people, business and places, Water City sits along 0° longitude, the prime meridian, symbolizing the area’s global importance Water City is many things: it’s a geographical area
 * [|Water Basics]**
 * What is water? Why do we need it? Most citizens learn at a very early age the importance of water. Basic water information offers a foundation for learning to respect and conserve this precious natural resource.**
 * [|Water Science]**
 * Where is water produced? How pure is water? Anyone who has ever taken a drink of tap water needs to understand the science of water. Consider the chemistry of water before you pour your next glass.**
 * [|Worldwide Water Ways]**
 * Throughout the United States, and around the world, each city's water supply depends upon its geography, climate, and weather. Consider some case studies. Then, investigate your own water system.**
 * World Wide Ways:**
 * Each city's water supply is dependent upon the city's location. Some communities around the world have figured out some fascinating solutions to their water problems.**
 * Cities in deserts, for example, have particularly interesting water needs. The city of [|Los Angeles] would not exist without the creative water supply system conceptualized by William Mulholland.**
 * Cities in cold climates have unique challenges, too. In Winnipeg, Canada, the aqueduct which would transport water from nearby freshwater lakes needed to be insulated to prevent the water from freezing.**
 * Weather can also impact a city's water supply. In [|Bombay, India], for example, the annual monsoon season provides a substantial reservoir of freshwater that is used throughout the year.**
 * The survival of a city's water supply, and of the city itself, also depends upon having city planners who are constantly seeking ways to modernize the system. The [|Massachusetts Water Resources Authority], for example, has changed the sources and processes for supplying water to its communities, keeping current with new technologies.**
 * [|New York City] also has needed to keep pace with the times. How does a large, aging, densely-populated city develop new systems for water supply? The construction of the [|Third Water Supply Tunnel], an engineering masterpiece, is one answer.**
 * Fortunately, [|New York City's watershed] supports the large population. By studying the [|maps], you can see that there are many sources of water.**
 * [|New York City] also has needed to keep pace with the times. How does a large, aging, densely-populated city develop new systems for water supply? The construction of the [|Third Water Supply Tunnel], an engineering masterpiece, is one answer.**
 * Fortunately, [|New York City's watershed] supports the large population. By studying the [|maps], you can see that there are many sources of water.**

County officials say they try to control the flood risk. They pay attention to where rivers are known to rise and require new homes in flood zones to be built with supersized foundations designed to keep people and property above rushing water. Can't say no Government can't simply stop people from building in harm's way, said Craig Ladiser, the county's director of planning and development services. "If people want to live in a place that at some point or another floods, that's a choice they make," he said. "It's not up to government to say no." "People will live in places that flood. We can't deny their ability to use their land," he said. The flood plains "aren't deemed dangerous areas. They have a 1 percent chance of flooding every year," Ladiser said. "Our belief is that if someone builds one foot above the 100-year flood, they won't have damage."
 * Homes keep rising in flood risk zones**
 * Why do people build in flood plains? Because they can.**


 * Homes on Stilts:** Trying to find out for what reasons people live in floating houses or on stilts, I asked a Khmer if his house was built on stilts in order to stay dry in case of floods. It is not just that, he said. During the rainy season water flows through the villages like small rivers and the soil turns into mud. In the dry season, powdered sand in the living room can be as unpleasant as muddy feet and is more easily swept out of a high house. The space underneath is used for storage and shade. Stilts provide a "high and dry" home in all circumstances.


 * Lake Victoria:** Lake Victoria is relatively young; its current basin formed only 400,000 years ago, when westward-flowing rivers were dammed by an up thrown crustal block. The lake's shallowness, limited [|river] inflow, and large surface area relative to its volume make it vulnerable to [|climate changes]; cores taken from its bottom show that Lake Victoria has dried up completely three times since it formed. These drying cycles are probably related to past [|ice ages], which are times when [|precipitation] declined globally. The lake last dried out 17,300 years ago, and filled again beginning 14,700 years ago; the fantastic [|adaptive radiation] of its native [|cichlids] has taken place in the short period of time since then.
 * Glaciers:**
 * Like great rivers of ice, glaciers have sculpted mountains and carved out valleys. They continue to flow and shape the landscape in many places today.**

Motion and change define a glacier's life. Glacial ice [|advances], then [|retreats]. Glaciers grow and shrink in response to changing climate. Typically glacier movement and shape shifting occur over long periods of time (hundreds to thousands of years), but within historic memory such transformations in fewer than 100 years are not unknown. Not all glaciers move slowly. For example, surging glaciers experience dramatic increases in flow rate, sometimes traveling as much as ten to one hundred times faster than the normal rate of movement.

The famous Matterhorn in Switzerland displays three types of glacial erosion: Cirques are created when glaciers erode backwards, into the mountainside, creating rounded hollows shaped like a shallow bowls. Aretes are jagged, narrow ridges created where the back walls of two cirque glaciers meet, eroding the ridge on both sides. Horns, such as the famous Matterhorn in Switzerland, are created when several cirque glaciers erode a mountain until all that is left is a steep, pointed peak with sharp, ridge-like aretes leading up to the top. Till is material that is deposited as glaciers retreat, leaving behind mounds of gravel, small rocks, sand and mud. It is made from the rock and soil ground up beneath the glacier as it moves. Glacial till can form excellent soil for farmland. Material a glacier picks up or pushes as it moves forms moraines along the surface and sides of the glacier. As a glacier retreats, the ice literally melts away from underneath the moraines, so they leave long, narrow ridges that show where the glacier used to be. Glaciers don't always leave moraines behind, because sometimes the glacier's own melt water carries the material away. Streams flowing from glaciers often carry some of the rock and soil debris out with them. These streams deposit the debris as they flow. Consequently, after many years, small steep-sided mounds of soil and gravel begin to form adjacent to the glacier, called kames.
 * How do glaciers affect the land?** Glaciers not only transport material as they move, but they also sculpt and carve away the land beneath them. A glacier's weight, combined with its gradual movement, can drastically reshape the landscape. Over hundreds or even thousands of years, the ice totally changes the landscape. The ice //erodes// the land surface and carries the broken rocks and soil debris far from their original places, resulting in some interesting glacial landforms.
 * Glacial Erosion:** Common all over the world, glaciated valleys are probably the most readily visible glacial landform. Similar to fjords, they are trough-shaped, often with steep vertical cliffs where entire mountainsides were removed by glacial action. One of the most striking examples of glaciated valleys can be seen in Yosemite National Park, where glaciers literally sheared away mountainsides, creating deep valleys with vertical walls.
 * Glacial Landforms:** Fjords, glaciated valleys, and horns are all erosional types of landforms, created when a glacier cuts away at the landscape. Another type of glacial landform is created by deposition, or what a glacier leaves as it retreats or melts away.

In Switzerland's Rhone Valley, farmers have irrigated their crops for hundreds of years, by channeling meltwater from glaciers to their fields.
 * Do glaciers affect people?** Today, glaciers often are tourist attractions in mountainous areas. But glaciers are also a natural resource, and people all over the world are trying to harness the power of these frozen streams.
 * Glaciers Provide Drinking Water:** People living in the city of La Paz, Bolivia, rely on glacial melting from a nearby ice cap to provide water during the significant dry spells they experience.Although parts of Japan receive tremendous amounts of snow, there are no glaciers. Because the Japanese must endure frequent droughts, scientists are examining ways to create artificial glaciers that could provide more water for people when the weather is dry.
 * Glaciers Irrigate Crops:** Over a thousand years ago, farmers in Asia knew that dark colors absorb the solar energy. So, they spread dark-colored materials such as soil and ashes over snow to promoted melting, and this is how they watered their crops in the springtime. Chinese and Russian researchers have recently tried something similar by sprinkling coal dust onto glaciers, hoping that the melting will provide water to the drought-stricken countries of India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. However, the experiment proved to be too costly, and they have abandoned the idea.
 * Glaciers Help Generate Hydroelectric Power:** Scientists and engineers in Norway, Canada, New Zealand and the Alps have worked together to tap into glacial resources, using electricity that has been generated in part by damming glacial melt water.

Stockholm presents anybody who is adamant on bouncing back and forth between a number of islands the chance to do so over a couple of days. This is because the Swedish capital is a city built on islands: 14 to be exact. And that’s just the city centre. The archipelago located just half an hour outside the city centre has anything between 14,000 and 100,000 islands to explore. Naturally, getting around them all will be well beyond your grasp, but visit the Swedish capital for two or three days and you should have a good stab at seeing what its main 14 islands have to offer.

--

Shorelines and riverbanks are influenced by a wide variety of factors operating at different scales and timeframes. To adequately predict the success of limitations proposed actions will have on a Particular project site, the factors influencing and controlling the system need to be understood. Self regulating mechanisms, such as feedback loops, link together different factors that at first may appear to be independent. To understand influencing factors, each must be examined individually and quantitatively; to understand the system, factors must be considered collectively and qualitatively. The primary factors influencing the ultimate success of green riverbank improvements are 1) hydrology, 2) hydraulics, 3) geotechnical considerations, 4) fluvial geomorphology, and 5) vegetation (including soils). All of these factors individually and collectively affect the stream power, soil erosion, habitat, and ultimately the degree to which a softer, non-structural solution will be successful in the riverine environment. Shorelines of ponds, lakes, reservoirs, and other water bodies are different from riverine environments in that they are not influenced by flowing water, but are often subject to wave action generated both by wind and water craft. The factors influencing shorelines include 1) hydrology, 2) wave climate, 3) geotechnical considerations, and 4) vegetation.